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In simpler terms, he believes universals exist only in things, never apart from things–differing from his teacher, Plato, on this.
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His theory states that universals exist only where they are instantiated (the concept that it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object). To avoid confusion, a universal is a metaphysical term describing what particular things have in common, focusing strictly characteristics or qualities. The problem of the universals is the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what exactly are they. In his understanding of the world, he wrote his theory of the universals–which I find to be extremely intriguing. There, he honed his talents of understanding the world. At eighteen, he joined Plato’s Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven. It is the realm of forms, perceived through the mind, that is permanent.Īristotle, student of Plato, lived from 384 BC-322 BC. It is the material world, perceived through the senses, that is changing. Our mind perceives a different world, with different objects, than our senses do. Splitting existence up into two realms also leads us to a solution to the problem of permanence and change. By detaching our souls from the material world and our bodies and developing our ability to concern ourselves with the forms, Plato believes this will lead to us finding a value which is not open to change. This particular world is invulnerable to the pains and changes of the material world. We have access to the realm of forms through the mind, allowing us access to an unchanging world. To find a solution to these problems, Plato split the world into two: the material, or phyiscal, realm and the transcendent, or mental, realm of forms. Which world perceived is more real? Why are we seen two different worlds? The world that we perceive through the mind, seems to be permanent and unchanging. The ethical problem is: how can humans live a fulfilling life in an ever changing world if everything that they hold close to them can be easily taken away? The problem dealing with permanence and change is: How can the world appear to be both permanent and changing? The world we perceive through senses seems to be always changing–which is a pretty clear observation. This theory was created to solve two problems, one of ethics and one of permanence and change. My favorite of Plato’s contributions to philosophy, and the one I’m going to focus on, is the Theory of Forms. He’s known for being the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His birth day is estimated to fall between 428 BC and 423 BC. Plato, student of Socrates, also has mystery surrounding him. The principle underlying the Socratic Method is that humans learn through the use of reasoning and logic ultimately finding holes in their own theories and then patching them up. This method is performed by asking question after question with the purpose of seeking to expose contradictions in one’s thoughts, guiding him/her to arrive at a solid, tenable conclusion. The Socratic method is defined as a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to illuminate ideas. His largest contribution to philosophy is the Socratic method. Works by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes contain all of the knowledge known about this enigmatic figure. Since he did not write philosophical texts, all knowledge related to him is entirely dependent on the writings of other people of the time period.
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The cloud of mystery surrounding his life and philosophical viewpoints propose a problem a problem so large that it’s given a name itself: The Socratic Problem. Socrates, born in Athens in 470 BC, is often credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Although there were Greek philosophers before their respective births, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the only three worth focusing on during this period.
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Greek philosophy is known for its undeniable influence on Western thought. Greek philosophy covers an absolutely enormous amount of topics including: political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology (the study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality), logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics (branch of philosophy dealing with art, beauty, and taste). Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and lasted through the Hellenistic period (323 BC-30 BC).